Expressions of View
In Buddhism, views are the knowledge and logic gained through study and contemplation. When we articulate these understandings, we're engaging in “expressions of view.”
These expressions primarily deal with inferential cognition. They include concepts from Madhyamaka and Yogacara philosophies, such as:
● The reasoning of neither one nor many
● Dependent origination and emptiness
● All phenomena arise from mind
● The union of calm abiding and insight
● Afflictions are enlightenment
● All is one
● Transcendence of subject and object
● All is truth
When we study Madhyamaka, Yogacara, and the Five Great Treatises, we're learning Buddhist theory and logic. Even without meditation experience, one can study and express these concepts. For instance, using Madhyamaka reasoning to analyze the lack of inherent existence in phenomena. While this analysis may be purely conceptual, it's still valid to express such views. Anyone can express the knowledge and logic they've learned.
Depending on who's speaking, "dependent origination and emptiness" can be an expression of view or realization, but it's most often a view. What does it mean? It's the understanding that all phenomena lack inherent nature. This is a view. How do we analyze this lack of essence? We use the reasoning of neither one nor many. What is "dependent origination"? It means nothing exists independently; everything is interconnected.
Can we understand dependent origination conceptually? Try to find an independent object - you can't. Everything is connected to the external world. This is dependent origination. There's surface-level dependent origination (what we perceive through our senses) and deep-level dependent origination (the seeds of alaya consciousness operating at a fundamental level).
Concepts like "all phenomena arise from mind," "union of calm abiding and insight," "afflictions are enlightenment," "all is one," "transcendence of subject and object," and "all is truth" are expressions of view when understood intellectually. These expressions convey knowledge and logic. Of course, they can also become expressions of realization. For instance, when Chan practitioners of the past said "everything is complete as it is" or "all is truth," these could be expressions of realization. They might ask each other, "What have you realized?" and answer, "All is truth" or "Everything is awareness." These could be expressions of realization. However, if an ordinary person with little study or practice claims to have transcended subject and object, they're likely just parroting words they've heard. Those who have truly transcended subject and object wouldn't go around saying, "I've transcended subject and object."
Sometimes, mere recitation can loosely be called an expression of view. For example, reading the Shurangama Sutra. Strictly speaking, this isn't a true view but recitation. Genuine expressions of view come from repeated contemplation.
It's crucial to understand that expressions of view are purely intellectual. They don't necessarily relate to one's spiritual attainment or moral character. One can have no spiritual realization, even be a bad person, yet still read the Shurangama Sutra and express views on it. In fact, it's precisely those who need improvement should study such texts!
Excerpted from: Cognition and Expression Part Three
